2017考研英語(yǔ)拓展閱讀：為何減肥后體重會(huì)反彈

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Danny Cahill stood, slightly dazed, in a blizzard ofconfetti as the audience screamed and his family ranon stage. He had won Season 8 of NBC’s realitytelevision show “The Biggest Loser,” shedding moreweight than anyone ever had on the program — anastonishing 239 pounds in seven months.

丹尼·卡希爾(Danny Cahill)站在漫天的五彩紙屑中，微微有點(diǎn)懵，觀眾們?cè)诩饨校�他的家人飛奔上臺(tái)。他獲得了NBC頻道電視真人秀節(jié)目《超級(jí)減肥王》(The Biggest Loser)第8季的冠軍，在七個(gè)月時(shí)間里驚人地減掉了239磅(約217斤)，超過(guò)了節(jié)目的其他所有參與者。

When he got on the scale for all to see that evening, Dec. 8, 2009, he weighed just 191pounds, down from 430. Dressed in a T-shirt and knee-length shorts, he was lean, athleticand as handsome as a model.

2009年12月8日的那個(gè)晚上，他上秤讓所有人看到，他從430磅(約390斤)減到了191磅(約173斤)。當(dāng)時(shí)，他穿著T恤和及膝短褲，看起來(lái)精瘦強(qiáng)壯，和模特一樣帥。

“I’ve got my life back,” he declared. “I mean, I feel like a million bucks.”

“我重新找回了生活，”他宣稱，“我感覺(jué)好極了。”

Cahill left the show’s stage in Hollywood and flew directly to New York to start a triumphal tourof the talk shows, chatting with Jay Leno, Regis Philbin and Joy Behar. As he heard from fans allover the world, his elation knew no bounds.

卡希爾離開好萊塢那個(gè)節(jié)目的舞臺(tái)，直接飛到紐約，開始進(jìn)行一系列勝利者的脫口秀，接受杰·雷諾(JayLeno)、里吉斯·菲爾賓(Regis Philbin)和喬伊·貝哈爾(Joy Behar)的采訪。他收到世界各地粉絲們的來(lái)信，得意無(wú)比。

But in the years since, more than 100 pounds have crept back onto his 5-foot-11 framedespite his best efforts. In fact, most of that season’s 16 contestants have regained much ifnot all the weight they lost so arduously. Some are even heavier now.

然而在那之后，雖然盡了最大努力，身高5英尺11英寸(約1.8米)的他還是慢慢長(zhǎng)了逾100磅(約90斤)。實(shí)際上，那一季的16名參賽者辛苦減掉體重之后，多數(shù)人有反彈，哪怕不是完全長(zhǎng)回了減掉的體重。有些人的體重甚至超過(guò)了上節(jié)目前。

Yet their experiences, while a bitter personal disappointment, have been a gift to science. Astudy of Season 8’s contestants has yielded surprising new discoveries about the physiologyof obesity that help explain why so many people struggle unsuccessfully to keep off the weightthey lose.

這些經(jīng)歷對(duì)他們個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)雖然意味著苦澀的失望，但對(duì)科學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，卻是天賜良機(jī)。對(duì)第8季參賽者的研究得出了令人驚訝的新發(fā)現(xiàn)，讓我們更了解肥胖的生理機(jī)能，并有助于解釋為什么那么多人減肥之后無(wú)法保持。

Kevin Hall, a scientist at a federal research center who admits to a weakness for reality TV, hadthe idea to follow the “Biggest Loser” contestants for six years after that victorious night. Theproject was the first to measure what happened to people over as long as six years after theyhad lost large amounts of weight with intensive dieting and exercise.

凱文·霍爾(Kevin Hall)是一家聯(lián)邦研究中心的科學(xué)家，他承認(rèn)自己酷愛電視真人秀。在卡希爾獲勝之后，他產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)想法：跟蹤研究《超級(jí)減肥王》的參賽者六年。人們?cè)谕ㄟ^(guò)高強(qiáng)度飲食控制和鍛煉實(shí)現(xiàn)大幅減輕體重之后，接下來(lái)長(zhǎng)達(dá)六年的時(shí)間里會(huì)怎么樣，這是第一個(gè)針對(duì)該問(wèn)題的跟蹤研究。

The results, the researchers said, were stunning. They showed just how hard the body fightsback against weight loss.

研究者說(shuō)，結(jié)果令人震驚。結(jié)果表明，身體對(duì)體重減輕的反抗非常強(qiáng)烈。

“It is frightening and amazing,” said Hall, an expert on metabolism at the National Institute ofDiabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, which is part of the National Institutes of Health. “Iam just blown away.”

“這令人恐懼和驚訝，”霍爾說(shuō)。他是國(guó)家衛(wèi)生研究院(National Institutes of Health)下屬的國(guó)家糖尿病、消化系統(tǒng)疾病和腎病研究所(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)的新陳代謝專家。“這令我大為震驚。”

It has to do with resting metabolism, which determines how many calories a person burns whenat rest. When the show began, the contestants, though hugely overweight, had normalmetabolisms for their size, meaning they were burning a normal number of calories for people oftheir weight. When it ended, their metabolisms had slowed radically and their bodies were notburning enough calories to maintain their thinner sizes.

這與靜止代謝有關(guān)，也就是一個(gè)人在靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下消耗的熱量。節(jié)目開始時(shí)，參賽者雖然嚴(yán)重超重，但是新陳代謝水平對(duì)他們的身材來(lái)講是正常的，也就是說(shuō)，他們靜止時(shí)燃燒的熱量對(duì)于他們那個(gè)體重的人來(lái)說(shuō)，屬于正常值。節(jié)目結(jié)束時(shí)，他們的新陳代謝急劇減緩，他們的身體沒(méi)有消耗足夠多的熱量來(lái)保持較瘦的體型。

Researchers knew that just about anyone who deliberately loses weight — even if they start ata normal weight or even underweight — will have a slower metabolism when the diet ends. Sothey were not surprised to see that “The Biggest Loser” contestants had slow metabolismswhen the show ended.

研究者已經(jīng)知道，任何故意減輕體重的人——即使他們本來(lái)是正常體重或者體重偏低——在節(jié)食結(jié)束時(shí)，新陳代謝都會(huì)變慢。所以，他們對(duì)《超級(jí)減肥王》的參賽者在節(jié)目結(jié)束時(shí)新陳代謝減緩并不感到意外。

What shocked the researchers was what happened next: As the years went by and thenumbers on the scale climbed, the contestants’ metabolisms did not recover. They becameeven slower, and the pounds kept piling on. It was as if their bodies were intensifying theireffort to pull the contestants back to their original weight.

令研究者們感到吃驚的是之后發(fā)生的事：隨著時(shí)間流逝，體重增加，參賽者的新陳代謝水平?jīng)]有恢復(fù)，甚至變得更慢了，于是體重也繼續(xù)增加。好像他們的身體在努力讓他們恢復(fù)到原來(lái)的體重。

Cahill was one of the worst off. As he regained more than 100 pounds, his metabolism slowedso much that, just to maintain his current weight of 295 pounds, he now has to eat 800calories a day less than a typical man his size. Anything more turns to fat.

卡希爾是情況最糟的一個(gè)。他的體重增加了逾100磅，新陳代謝變得非常緩慢，以至于為了維持目前295磅的體重，他每天不得不比這個(gè)體重的普通人少攝入800卡路里。多吃一口都長(zhǎng)肉。

The struggles the contestants went through help explain why it has been so hard to makeheadway against the nation’s obesity problem, which afflicts more than a third of Americanadults. Despite spending billions of dollars on weight-loss drugs and dieting programs, even themost motivated are working against their own biology.

這些參賽者所經(jīng)歷的困難有助于解釋為什么美國(guó)的肥胖問(wèn)題很難取得進(jìn)展。超過(guò)三分之一的美國(guó)成年人有肥胖問(wèn)題。數(shù)十億美元被花在減肥藥和減肥項(xiàng)目上面，但是連最積極的減肥者也是在與自身的生物機(jī)制對(duì)抗。

Their experience shows that the body will fight back for years. And that, said Dr. MichaelSchwartz, an obesity and diabetes researcher who is a professor of medicine at the Universityof Washington, is “new and important.”

他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，身體會(huì)反抗很多年。肥胖和糖尿病研究者、華盛頓大學(xué)(University of Washington)醫(yī)學(xué)教授邁克爾·施瓦茨博士(Michael Schwartz)說(shuō)，這一點(diǎn)是“新發(fā)現(xiàn)，也很重要”。

“The key point is that you can be on TV, you can lose enormous amounts of weight, you cango on for six years, but you can’t get away from a basic biological reality,” said Schwartz, whowas not involved in the study. “As long as you are below your initial weight, your body is goingto try to get you back.”

“重點(diǎn)是，你能上電視，你能把體重減輕很多，你能堅(jiān)持六年，但你無(wú)法擺脫基本的生物學(xué)事實(shí)，”施瓦茨說(shuō)。他沒(méi)有參與這項(xiàng)研究。“只要低于原來(lái)的體重，你的身體就會(huì)努力讓你恢復(fù)。”

The study’s findings, to be published on Monday in the journal Obesity, are part of a scientificpush to answer some of the most fundamental questions about obesity. Researchers arefiguring out why being fat makes so many people develop diabetes and other medicalconditions, and they are searching for new ways to block the poison in fat. They are startingto unravel the reasons bariatric surgery allows most people to lose significant amounts ofweight when dieting so often fails. And they are looking afresh at medical care for obese people.

這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果將于周一發(fā)表在《肥胖》雜志(Obesity)上。它是為回答一些最基本的肥胖問(wèn)題而進(jìn)行的科學(xué)研究的一部分。研究者們正在努力弄清為什么肥胖讓這么多人患上糖尿病或出現(xiàn)其他健康問(wèn)題，他們也在尋找阻斷脂肪中有害物質(zhì)的新方法。他們開始揭示，為什么肥胖手術(shù)能讓大部分人體重減輕很多而節(jié)食卻經(jīng)常失敗。他們還在重新審視對(duì)超重者的醫(yī)療護(hù)理。

The hope is that this work will eventually lead to new therapies that treat obesity as a chronicdisease and can help keep weight under control for life.

他們希望，這項(xiàng)工作將最終讓我們找到新的治療方法，把肥胖作為一種慢性病加以治療，并且終生控制體重。

Most people who have tried to lose weight know how hard it is to keep the weight off, but manyblame themselves when the pounds come back. But what obesity research has consistentlyshown is that dieters are at the mercy of their own bodies, which muster hormones and analtered metabolic rate to pull them back to their old weights, whether that is hundreds ofpounds more or that extra 10 or 15 that many people are trying to keep off.

大部分試過(guò)減肥的人都知道保持減輕后的體重有多難，但是很多人在體重又增加時(shí)會(huì)怪自己。但是，肥胖研究一再表明，節(jié)食者受制于自己的身體，它通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)激素和代謝率，讓他們恢復(fù)原來(lái)的體重，不管是幾百磅，還是很多人想努力避免長(zhǎng)回去的那10磅或15磅。

There is always a weight a person’s body maintains without any effort. And while it is not knownwhy that weight can change over the years — it may be an effect of aging — at any point, thereis a weight that is easy to maintain, and that is the weight the body fights to defend. Finding away to thwart these mechanisms is the goal scientists are striving for. First, though, they aretrying to understand them in greater detail.

每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)不必費(fèi)力就能維持的體重。雖然不知道這個(gè)數(shù)字為什么會(huì)隨著時(shí)間發(fā)生變化——可能是年齡增長(zhǎng)的結(jié)果——但是在任何一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，總有一個(gè)容易保持的體重，那也就是身體努力保衛(wèi)的體重。找到對(duì)抗這一機(jī)制的方法是科學(xué)家努力追求的目標(biāo)。不過(guò)，他們首先要努力了解更多細(xì)節(jié)。

Dr. David Ludwig, the director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center atBoston Children’s Hospital, who was not involved in the research, said the findings showed theneed for new approaches to weight control. He cautioned that the study was limited by itssmall size and the lack of a control group of obese people who did not lose weight. But, headded, the findings made sense.

波士頓兒童醫(yī)院(Boston Children’s Hospital)新平衡基金會(huì)肥胖預(yù)防中心(New Balance FoundationObesity Prevention Center)的主管大衛(wèi)·路德維希博士(David Ludwig)說(shuō)，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，需要尋找控制體重的新方法。他沒(méi)有參與這項(xiàng)研究。他提醒說(shuō)，這項(xiàng)研究的局限性在于規(guī)模小，沒(méi)有對(duì)照組，也就是沒(méi)有一組未參加減肥的肥胖者。不過(guò)，他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)說(shuō)得通。

“This is a subset of the most successful” dieters, he said. “If they don’t show a return tonormal in metabolism, what hope is there for the rest of us?”

他說(shuō)，“他們是最成功的”減肥者，“如果他們的新陳代謝水平?jīng)]有恢復(fù)正常，我們剩下這些人還有什么希望呢”。

Still, he added, “that shouldn’t be interpreted to mean we are doomed to battle our biology orremain fat. It means we need to explore other approaches.”

不過(guò)，他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，“這不應(yīng)該被理解為，我們注定要對(duì)抗自身的生物機(jī)制，或者就只能繼續(xù)肥胖。而應(yīng)該被理解為，我們需要探索其他方法。”

All this does not mean that modest weight loss is hopeless, experts say. Individuals responddifferently to diet manipulations — low-carbohydrate or low-calorie diets, for example — andto exercise and weight-loss drugs, among other interventions.

專家們說(shuō)，所有這些并不意味著適度減肥毫無(wú)希望。每個(gè)人對(duì)飲食控制(比如低碳水化合物或低熱量飲食)以及鍛煉和減肥藥物等各種干預(yù)的反應(yīng)是不同的。

But Ludwig said that simply cutting calories was not the answer. “There are no doubtexceptional individuals who can ignore primal biological signals and maintain weight loss forthe long term by restricting calories,” he said, but he added that “for most people, thecombination of incessant hunger and slowing metabolism is a recipe for weight regain —explaining why so few individuals can maintain weight loss for more than a few months.”

不過(guò)，路德維希說(shuō)，僅僅減少熱量攝入不是問(wèn)題的答案。他說(shuō)，“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，有些例外的人能夠不理會(huì)基本的生物信號(hào)，通過(guò)控制熱量攝入長(zhǎng)期保持體重減輕”，但是，“對(duì)大部分人來(lái)說(shuō)，無(wú)休止的饑餓感和不斷放緩的代謝加在一起，會(huì)導(dǎo)致體重重新增加，這就能解釋為什么很少有人能保持體重減輕超過(guò)幾個(gè)月”。

Cahill knows that now. And with his report from Hall’s group showing just how much hismetabolism had slowed, he stopped blaming himself for his weight gain.

卡希爾現(xiàn)在知道了。霍爾團(tuán)隊(duì)關(guān)于他的報(bào)告表明，他的代謝減緩了很多，所以他不再因?yàn)轶w重增加而責(zé)怪自己了。

“That shame that was on my shoulders went off,” he said.

“我背負(fù)的羞恥感消失了，”他說(shuō)。